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Ukukhishwa kwe-Mercury okuvela ezimayini zegolide zezingcweti nezincane endaweni yonke eseningizimu kudlula ukushiswa kwamalahle njengomthombo omkhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni we-mercury. izimayini zegolide zithole okokufaka kwe-mercury okuphezulu kakhulu, enengqikithi ephakeme kanye ne-methylmercury emkhathini, amaqabunga e-canopy, nomhlabathi.Lapha, sibonisa ngokokuqala ngqá ukuthi imiphetho yehlathi engaphelele eduze kwezimayini zegolide ibamba isamba esikhulu se-particle ne-gaseous mercury ngamanani alinganayo. Sibhala ngokunqwabelana kwe-mercury enhlabathini, i-biomass kanye nezinyoni eziculayo ezihlala ezindaweni ezivikelwe kakhulu futhi ezinothe kakhulu e-Amazon, siphakamisa imibuzo ebalulekile mayelana nokuthi ukungcoliswa kwe-mercury kuyikhinyabeza kanjani imizamo yesimanje neyesikhathi esizayo yokongiwa kwemvelo kulezi zindawo ezishisayo. .
Inselele ekhulayo yemvelo yamahlathi ashisayo ukumbiwa kwegolide kwezobuciko kanye nezizinda ezincane (ASGM). Lolu hlobo lokumba igolide lwenzeka emazweni angaphezu kuka-70, ngokuvamile ngokungekho emthethweni noma ngokungekho emthethweni, futhi lwenza cishe u-20% wokukhiqizwa kwegolide emhlabeni1. Ngenkathi i-ASGM kuyindlela yokuziphilisa ebalulekile emiphakathini yendawo, kubangela ukugawulwa kwamahlathi okusabalele2,3, ukuguqulwa okubanzi kwamahlathi abe amachibi4, intlenga ephezulu emifuleni eseduze5,6, futhi inegalelo elikhulu emkhathini womhlaba Ukukhishwa kwesisi esikhishwa yimercury (Hg) kanye nokukhulu kakhulu. imithombo ye-mercury yamanzi ahlanzekile 7. Iziza eziningi ze-ASGM eziqinisiwe zitholakala ezindaweni ezithandwa kakhulu emhlabeni, okuholela ekulahlekelweni kwezinhlobonhlobo8, ukulahlekelwa kwezinhlobo ezizwelayo9 kanye nabantu10,11,12 kanye nezilwane ezidla ezinye eziyingozi kakhulu13, 14 ukuchayeka okuphezulu ku-mercury.Kulinganiselwa ukuthi amathani angu-675–1000 e-mercury I-Hg yr-1 iyaguquguquka futhi idedelwa emkhathini womhlaba kusukela emisebenzini ye-ASGM minyaka yonke7. Ukusetshenziswa kwenani elikhulu le-mercury yizimbiwa zegolide nezimbiwa ezincane zegolide kuguqule imithombo emikhulu.yokukhishwa kwe-mercury emkhathini kusukela enyakatho yomhlaba kuya eningizimu yomhlaba, okunomthelela we-mercury fate, ezokuthutha kanye namaphethini okuchayeka.Nokho, kuncane okwaziwayo mayelana nesiphetho salokhu kukhishelwa kwe-mercury emkhathini kanye namaphethini awo okufakwa kanye nokunqwabelana kwawo ezindaweni ezithonywe yi-ASGM.
I-International Minamata Convention on Mercury yaqala ukusebenza ngo-2017, futhi i-Article 7 ikhuluma ngokuqondile ngokukhishwa kwe-mercury okuvela ezimayini zegolide zezingcweti nezincane. ukugxilisa igolide nokudedela i-gaseous elemental mercury (GEM; Hg0) emkhathini. Lokhu kwenzeka naphezu kwemizamo yamaqembu afana ne-United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Global Mercury Partnership, i-United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) kanye nama-NGOs ukukhuthaza abavukuzi ukuze banciphise ukukhishwa kwe-mercury.Njengoba lokhu kubhalwa ngo-2021, amazwe angu-132, kuhlanganise nePeru, asayine iSivumelwano saseMinamata futhi aseqalile ukuthuthukisa izinhlelo kazwelonke zokubhekana ngqo nokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwe-mercury okuhlobene ne-ASGM. ibandakanye, isimeme futhi ibe nengqikithi, kucatshangelwa izizathu zenhlalo-mnotho kanye nobungozi bemvelo15,16,17,18.Izinhlelo zamanje zokubhekana nemiphumela ye-mercury endaweni ezungezile zigxile ezingozini ze-mercury ezihlobene nezimayini zegolide zezingcweti nezincane eduze nendawo ezungezile yasemanzini, okuhlanganisa abavukuzi nabantu abahlala eduze nokushiswa kwe-amalgam, nemiphakathi edla inqwaba yezinhlanzi ezidla ezinye .Ukuchayeka kwe-mercury emsebenzini ngokuhogela i-mercury vapor ekushisweni kwe-amalgam, ukuchayeka kwemercury ekudleni ngokusetshenziswa kwezinhlanzi, kanye nokunqwabelana kwe-mercury kuwebhu yokudla yasemanzini kube yinto okugxilwe kuyo ocwaningweni oluningi lwesayensi oluhlobene ne-ASGM, okuhlanganisa nase-Amazon.Izifundo zangaphambili (isb, bheka i-Lodenius ne-Malm19).
I-Terestrial ecosystems nayo isengcupheni yokuchayeka kwe-mercury evela ku-ASGM.Atmospheric Hg ekhishwe ku-ASGM njengoba i-GEM ingabuyela endaweni yasemhlabeni ngokusebenzisa imizila emithathu emikhulu20 (Fig. 1): I-GEM ingakhangiswa ezinhlayiyeni ezisemkhathini, ezibe sezibanjwa izindawo ezingaphezulu;I-GEM ingamuncwa ngokuqondile izitshalo futhi ifakwe ezicutshini zazo;ekugcineni, i-GEM ingafakwa i-oxidized ibe yizinhlobo ze-Hg(II), ezingomiswa, zifakwe ezinhlayiyeni zomkhathi, noma zifakwe emanzini emvula. imvula, ngokulandelana.Ukufakwa okumanzi kunganqunywa ukugeleza kwe-mercury kwintlenga eqoqwe ezindaweni ezivulekile.Ukufakwa okomile kunganqunywa njengesamba se-mercury flux kudoti kanye ne-mercury flux ekwindla kukhishwe i-mercury flux emvuleni.Izifundo eziningana baye babhala ngokunothisa i-mercury endaweni ezungezile yasemhlabeni neyamanzi eduze nomsebenzi we-ASGM (bona, isibonelo, ithebula lesifinyezo ku-Gerson et al. 22), cishe ngenxa yakho kokubili okokufaka kwe-sedimentary mercury kanye nokukhululwa kwe-mercury okuqondile. Nokho, ngenkathi ithuthukisiwe Ukufakwa kwe-mercury eduze ne-ASGM kungase kube ngenxa yokushiswa kwe-mercury-gold amalgam, akucaci ukuthi le Hg ithuthwa kanjani endaweni yesifunda kanye nokubaluleka okuhlobene kokumiswa okuhlukile.izindlela eziseduze ne-ASGM.
I-Mercury ekhishwa njenge-gaseous elemental mercury (GEM; Hg0) ingafakwa endaweni ngokusebenzisa izindlela ezintathu zomoya. idiphozithi eyomile.Okwesibili, ama-GEM angakwazi ukukhangisa i-atmospheric particulate matter (Hgp), enqanyulwa amahlamvu futhi agezelwe endaweni ngezimpophoma kanye ne-ionic Hg ebanjiwe. i-landscape njengodoti. Kanye namanzi awayo kanye nodoti kuthathwa njengesilinganiso sokuchithwa kwe-mercury isiyonke. Nakuba i-GEM ingase futhi isakaze futhi ikhangise ngokuqondile enhlabathini kanye nodoti77, lokhu kungase kungabi umzila oyinhloko wokungena kwe-mercury ku-ecosystems yasemhlabeni.
Silindele ukuthi ukugxiliswa kwe-gaseous elemental mercury kwehle ngebanga elisuka emithonjeni yokukhipha i-mercury. Njengoba izindlela ezimbili kwezintathu zokubeka i-mercury ezindaweni (ngokuwa nodoti) zincike ekusebenzelaneni kwe-mercury nezindawo zezitshalo, singabikezela nezinga i-mercury ekulo. ifakwe ku-ecosystem kanye nokuthi inzima kangakanani ezilwaneni Ingozi yomthelela inqunywa ukwakheka kwezimila, njengoba kuboniswa emahlathini ane-boreal nanesimo sezulu esipholile ezindaweni ezisenyakatho-mpumalanga23. Nokho, siyaqaphela futhi ukuthi umsebenzi we-ASGM uvame ukwenzeka ezindaweni ezishisayo, lapho isakhiwo se-canopy kanye nobuningi obuhlobene bendawo yamaqabunga eveziwe iyahlukahluka kakhulu.Ukubaluleka okuhlobene kwe-mercury deposition pathways kulezi zindawo eziphilayo akukacaciswanga ngokucacile, ikakhulukazi emahlathini aseduze nemithombo ye-mercury emission, ukuqina kwayo okungavamile ukubonwa emahlathini aphuma emanzini.Ngakho-ke, kulokhu ukutadisha, sibuza imibuzo elandelayo: (1) Kanjani gaseous elemental mercury ukugxila kanyeizindlela zokubeka ziyahlukahluka ngokusondelana kwe-ASGM kanye nenkomba yendawo yeqabunga ye-canopy yesifunda?(2) Ingabe ukugcinwa kwe-mercury enhlabathini kuhlobene nokufaka komoya?(3) Ingabe bukhona ubufakazi bokuqoqwa kwe-mercury ephakeme ezinyonini eziculayo ezihlala ehlathini eduze ne-ASGM?Lolu cwaningo ungowokuqala ukuhlola okokufaka kwe-mercury deposition eduze nomsebenzi we-ASGM nokuthi ikhava ye-canopy ihlobana kanjani nalawa maphethini, futhi ingeyokuqala yokulinganisa ukugxila kwe-methylmercury (MeHg) endaweni yase-Peruvian Amazon. i-mercury ne-methylmercury emaqabunga, udoti, kanye nomhlabathi osehlathini nasezindaweni ezigawuliwe zamahlathi eduze kwebanga elingamakhilomitha angu-200 lomfula i-Madre de Dios eningizimu-mpumalanga yePeru .Sacabanga ukuthi ukusondela kwe-ASGM namadolobha anezimayini ashisa i-Hg-gold amalgam kungaba okubaluleke kakhulu. izici ezishayela ukugxila kwe-atmospheric Hg (GEM) kanye nokufakwa kwe-Hg emanzi (imvula ephezulu).Njengoba ukufakwa kwe-mercury okomile (ukungena + nodoti) kuhlobene ne-tree isakhiwo se-canopy,21,24 silindele futhi ukuthi izindawo ezinamahlathi zibe nokufaka kwe-mercury okuphezulu kunezindawo eziseduze ezigawulwe amahlathi, okuthi, uma kubhekwa indawo ephezulu yamaqabunga kanye namandla okubamba i-mercury, Iphuzu elilodwa liyakhathaza kakhulu.I-Intact Amazon Forest.Siphinde sacabanga ukuthi izilwane ukuhlala emahlathini aseduze namadolobha anezimayini kwakunamazinga aphezulu e-mercury kunezilwane ezihlala kude nezindawo zezimayini.
Uphenyo lwethu lwenzeka esifundazweni sase-Madre de Dios eningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Peruvian Amazon, lapho amahektha angaphezu kuka-100,000 amahlathi agawulwe khona ukuze enze i-ASGM3 eyi-alluvial eseduze, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ngaphakathi, ezindaweni ezivikelwe kanye neziqiwi zikazwelonke. izimayini ezigudle imifula kule ndawo esentshonalanga ye-Amazon ziye zanda kakhulu kule minyaka eyishumi edlule25 futhi kulindeleke ukuthi zikhuphuke ngamanani egolide aphezulu kanye nokwanda kokuxhumana ezindaweni zasemadolobheni ngothelawayeka odlula ulwandlekazi Imisebenzi izoqhubeka 3.Sikhethe iziza ezimbili ezingenazo izimayini (i-Boca Manu ne-Chilive , cishe i-100 kanye ne-50 km ukusuka ku-ASGM, ngokulandelana) - ngemuva kwalokhu okubizwa ngokuthi "izindawo ezikude" - kanye nezindawo ezintathu endaweni yezimayini - ngemuva kwalokhu ezibizwa ngokuthi "izindawo ezikude" zemayini” (Fig. 2A). Ezimbili zezimayini iziza zitholakala ehlathini lesibili eduze kwamadolobha ase-Boca Colorado kanye ne-La Bellinto, futhi indawo yezimayini eyodwa itholakala ehlathini elidala eliqinile e-Los Amigos Conservatio.n Imvume.Qaphela ukuthi ezimayini ze-Boca Colorado kanye ne-Laberinto zemayini, umhwamuko we-mercury okhishwe ekushisweni kwe-mercury-gold amalgam uvela kaningi, kodwa indawo okuyiyonayona kanye nenani akwaziwa njengoba le misebenzi ivamise ukungenzeleli futhi iyimfihlo;sizohlanganisa izimayini kanye ne-mercury Alloy combustion ibizwa ngokuhlanganyela ngokuthi “umsebenzi we-ASGM”.Endaweni ngayinye, sifaka amasampula enhlabathi enkathini eyomile nenemvula lapho kugawulwa khona (izindawo zokugawulwa kwamahlathi ezingenazo nhlobo izitshalo ezinokhuni) nangaphansi komhume wezihlahla (ehlathini). izindawo) ingqikithi yemicimbi emithathu yesizini (inyanga ngayinye ehlala 1- 2) ) Ukufakwa okumanzi kanye nokwehla kokungena kwaqoqwa ngokuhlukana, futhi amasampula omoya angashintshi afakwa endaweni evulekile ukuze kuqoqwe i-GEM. Ngonyaka olandelayo, ngokusekelwe ekubekweni okuphezulu amanani alinganiswa ngonyaka wokuqala, safaka abaqoqi ezindaweni eziyisithupha ezengeziwe zehlathi e-Los Amigos.
Amamephu wezindawo ezinhlanu zamasampula akhonjiswa njengemibuthano ephuzi.Izindawo ezimbili (Boca Manu, Chilive) zitholakala ezindaweni ezikude nezimayini zegolide, kanti iziza ezintathu (i-Los Amigos, i-Boca Colorado kanye ne-Laberinto) zisezindaweni ezithintwe yizimayini. , elinamadolobha ezimayini aboniswe njengonxantathu abaluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.Lo mfanekiso ubonisa indawo evamile eqhelile enamahlathi negawuliwe ehlaselwe yizimayini.Kuzo zonke izibalo, umugqa odeyishiwe umelela umugqa ohlukanisayo phakathi kwezindawo ezimbili eziqhelile (kwesokunxele) kanye nezindawo ezintathu ezithintwe yizimayini ( kwesokudla).B Ukugxila kwe-Gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) endaweni ngayinye ngenkathi eyomile ka-2018 (n = isampula eli-1 elizimele ngesayithi; izimpawu eziyisikwele) kanye nenkathi yemvula (n = amasampula azimele angu-2; izimpawu zesikwele) izinkathi zonyaka.C Isamba sokugxiliswa kwe-mercury emvula eqoqwe ehlathini (green boxplot) kanye nokugawulwa kwamahlathi (brown boxplot) ezindaweni phakathi nenkathi eyomile ka-2018.Kuwo wonke ama-boxplots, imigqa imele ama-medians, amabhokisi abonisa i-Q1 ne-Q3, amadevu amelela izikhathi ezingu-1.5 ububanzi be-interquartile (n =Amasampula azimele angu-5 endaweni ngayinye yehlathi, n = amasampula angu-4 azimele ngesampula yendawo ngayinye yokugawulwa kwamahlathi).D Isamba sokugxiliswa kwe-mercury emaqabungeni aqoqwe ku-canopy ye-Ficus insipida ne-Inga feuillei phakathi nenkathi eyomile ngo-2018 (i-eksisi engakwesokunxele;isikwele esiluhlaza okumnyama nezimpawu zikanxantathu eziluhlaza ngokukhanyayo, ngokulandelanayo) kanye nakudoti oyinqwaba phansi (i-eksisi engakwesokudla; izimpawu zendilinga eziluhlaza okotshani) .Amanani aboniswa njengokuchezuka okumaphakathi nokujwayelekile (n = 3 amasampula azimele endaweni ngayinye yamaqabunga aphilayo, n = Isampula eli-1 elizimele likadoti).E Ingqikithi ye-mercury ukugxiliswa kwenhlabathi engaphezulu (phezulu 0-5 cm) eqoqwe ehlathini (ibhokisi eliluhlaza okotshani) kanye nokugawulwa kwamahlathi (brown boxplot) ezindaweni ngesizini esomile ka-2018 (n = 3 amasampula azimele esizeni ngasinye ).Idatha yezinye izinkathi iboniswa kuMfanekiso 1.S1 no-S2.
I-Atmospheric mercury concentrations (GEM) yayihambisana nezibikezelo zethu, ezinamavelu aphezulu azungeze umsebenzi we-ASGM—ikakhulukazi emadolobheni ashisa i-Hg-gold amalgam—namanani aphansi ezindaweni ezikude nezindawo zezimayini ezisebenzayo (Fig. 2B). ezindaweni eziqhelile, ukugxilwa kwe-GEM kungaphansi kwesilinganiso somhlaba wonke sokugxilisa isizinda endaweni eseningizimu ye-1 ng m-326. Ngokuphambene, ukugxiliswa kwe-GEM kuzo zonke izimayini ezintathu kwakuphakeme izikhathi ezingu-2-14 kunezimayini ezikude, kanye nokugxila ezimayini eziseduze ( kufika ku-10.9 ng m-3) ayeqhathaniswa nalawo asemadolobheni nasemadolobheni, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ayedlula lawo ase-US, Industrial Zones in China naseKorea 27.Le phethini ye-GEM e-Madre de Dios ihambisana nokushiswa kwe-mercury-gold amalgam njengoba umthombo oyinhloko we-mercury yasemkhathini ephakeme kule ndawo ekude yase-Amazon.
Nakuba ukugxilwa kwe-GEM ekuhlanzeni kulandelelwe ukuba seduze kwezimayini, ukugxilwa kwe-mercury okuphelele ezimpophomeni ezingenayo kuncike ekusondeleni kwezimayini kanye nesakhiwo se-canopy yehlathi.Le modeli iphakamisa ukuthi ukugxila kwe-GEM kukodwa akubikezeli ukuthi i-mercury ephezulu izofakwa kuphi endaweni.Silinganise okuphezulu kakhulu ukugxiliswa kwe-mercury emahlathini avuthiwe aqinile ngaphakathi kwendawo yezimayini (Fig. 2C) .I-Los Amigos Conservation Conservation ibe nesilinganiso esiphezulu sokugxila sengqikithi ye-mercury ngenkathi eyomile (ububanzi: 18-61 ng L-1) ebikwe ezincwadini futhi yaqhathaniswa kumazinga akalwa ezindaweni ezingcoliswe izimayini ze-cinnabar kanye nokushiswa kwamalahle ezimbonini.Umehluko, 28 e-Guizhou, e-China.Ngokolwazi lwethu, lawa manani amela isilinganiso esiphezulu saminyaka yonke se-mercury fluxes ebalwa kusetshenziswa ukugxilisa kwe-mercury yenkathi eyomile nemanzi kanye namazinga emvula (71 µg m-2 yr-1; Ithebula Lokwengeza 1). Ezinye iziza ezimbili zezimayini bezingenawo amazinga aphakeme engqikithi ye-mercury uma kuqhathaniswa nezindawo ezikude (ububanzi: 8-31 ng L-1; 22-34 µg m-2 yr-1). Ngaphandle kwe-Hg, i-aluminium kuphela i-manganese yayinomsebenzi ophakeme endaweni yezimayini, cishe ngenxa yokugezwa komhlaba okuhlobene nokumbiwa;zonke ezinye izici ezinkulu ezikaliwe kanye nomkhondo azizange zihluke phakathi kwezimayini nezikude (Ifayela Ledatha Eyengeziwe 1), okutholakele okuhambisana ne-leaf mercury dynamics 29 kanye nokusha kwe-ASGM amalgam, kunothuli oluphuma emoyeni, njengomthombo oyinhloko we-mercury ekwindla elingena ngaphakathi. .
Ngaphezu kokusebenza njengama-adsorbents we-particle ne-gaseous mercury, amaqabunga ezitshalo angakwazi ukumunca ngokuqondile futhi ahlanganise i-GEM ezicutshini30,31.Eqinisweni, kumasayithi aseduze nomsebenzi we-ASGM, udoti ungumthombo omkhulu we-mercury deposition.Ukugxila kwe-Hg (0.080) -0.22 µg g−1) okukalwa emaqabungeni e-canopy aphilayo avela kuzo zontathu izizinda zezimayini zeqa amanani ashicilelwe amahlathi apholile, ama-boreal, namahlathi e-alpine eNyakatho Melika, eYurophu, nase-Asia, kanye nakwamanye amahlathi ase-Amazonian eNingizimu Melika, eseNingizimu Melika.Izindawo ezikude kanye nemithombo eseduze 32, 33, 34. Ukugxila kuqhathaniswa nalezo ezibikwa nge-foliar mercury emahlathini axubile ashisayo eShayina nasemahlathini ase-Atlantic eBrazil (Fig. 2D)32,33,34.Ngokulandela imodeli ye-GEM, ephakeme kakhulu Isamba sokugxiliswa kwe-mercury kudoti omningi kanye namaqabunga e-canopy kukalwa emahlathini esibili ngaphakathi kwendawo yezimayini. Nokho, ukulinganiswa kwemfucumfucu ye-mercury kwakuphezulu kakhulu ehlathini eliyisisekelo elingaguquki emayini yase-Los Amigos, cishe ngenxa yobuningi bemfucuza. kubikwe i-Peruvian Amazon 35 nge-Hg elinganiswa kudoti (isilinganiso phakathi kwezinkathi ezimanzi nesomiso) (Fig. 3A).Lokhu kufaka kuphakamisa ukuthi ukusondela kwezindawo zezimayini kanye nesembozo se-canopy yezihlahla kuneqhaza elikhulu ekulayisheni i-mercury ku-ASGM kulesi sifunda.
Idatha iboniswa endaweni yase-A ehlathini kanye ne-B yokugawulwa kwamahlathi.Izindawo ezigawuliwe zamahlathi e-Los Amigos ukugawulwa kwesiteshi okwenza ingxenye encane yendawo yonke.Ama-fluxes aboniswa ngemicibisholo futhi avezwa njengokuthi µg m-2 yr-1. umhlabathi ophezulu ongu-0-5 cm, amachibi aboniswa njengeziyingi futhi avezwa ngo-μg m-2. Amaphesenti amelela iphesenti le-mercury elikhona echibini noma eligelezayo ngendlela ye-methylmercury.Ukugxila okumaphakathi phakathi kwezinkathi ezomile (2018 kanye no-2019) kanye nezinkathi zemvula (2018) zengqikithi ye-mercury ngemvula, imvula enkulu, kanye nodoti, ukuze kulinganiswe izikali ze-mercury loads.Idatha ye-Methylmercury isekelwe enkathini yokomisa ka-2018, okuwukuphela konyaka eyakalwa ngayo.Bheka "Izindlela" ukuze uthole ulwazi ngezibalo zokuhlanganisa nokubalwa kokuguquguquka.C Ubudlelwano phakathi kwengqikithi yokugxiliswa kwemercury kanye nenkomba yendawo yamaqabunga eziqephu eziyisishiyagalombili ze-Los Amigos Conservation Conservation, ngokusekelwe ekuncipheni kwezikwele ezivamile.I-al surface ye-mercury inhlabathi egxilile kuzo zonke iziza ezinhlanu zehlathi (imibuthano eluhlaza) kanye nokugawulwa kwamahlathi (onxantathu abansundu), ngokuya ngokuhlehla kwezikwele ezijwayelekile (imigoqo yamaphutha ikhombisa ukuchezuka okujwayelekile).
Sisebenzisa imvula yesikhathi eside nedatha kadoti, sikwazile ukukala izilinganiso zokungena kanye nokuqukethwe kwe-litter mercury kusuka emikhankasweni emithathu ukuze sinikeze isilinganiso sonyaka se-atmospheric mercury flux ye-Los Amigos Conservation Concession (ukungena + udoti inani + nemvula) ukuze isilinganiso sokuqala.Sithole ukuthi ukuguquguquka kwe-atmospheric mercury eziqiwini zamahlathi eziseduze nomsebenzi we-ASGM bekuphakeme ngokuphindwe izikhathi ezingu-15 kunezindawo ezigawuliwe zamahlathi (137 vs 9 µg Hg m-2 yr-1; Figure 3 A,B).Lokhu kwandulela isilinganiso samazinga e-mercury e-Los Amigos sidlula ukugeleza kwe-mercury okubikwe ngaphambilini eduze nemithombo ye-mercury emahlathini eNyakatho Melika naseYurophu (isb., ukushiswa kwamalahle), futhi kuqhathaniswa namanani embonini yaseChina 21,36 .Konke kukhulunywe, cishe 94 I-% yengqikithi ye-mercury efakwe emahlathini avikelwe e-Los Amigos ikhiqizwa ngokubeka okomile (ukungena + udoti - i-precipitation mercury), umnikelo ophakeme kakhulu kunalowo wezinye eziningi ngaphambili.st landscapes emhlabeni wonke.Le miphumela igqamisa amazinga aphakeme e-mercury engena emahlathini ngokumiswa okomile kusuka ku-ASGM kanye nokubaluleka kwe-canopy yehlathi ekukhipheni i-ASGM-derived mercury emkhathini.Silindele ukuthi iphethini yokumiswa kwe-Hg enothiswe kakhulu ebonwa ezindaweni ezinamahlathi eduze ne-ASGM umsebenzi awutholakali ePeru kuphela.
Ngokuphambene, izindawo ezigawuliwe zamahlathi ezindaweni zezimayini zinamazinga aphansi e-mercury, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yemvula enamandla, nokufaka okuncane kwemercury ngokuwa nodoti. Ukugxiliswa kwengqikithi ye-mercury ezinhlangeni eziningi endaweni yezimayini kwakuqhathaniswa nalezo ezikalwa ezindaweni ezikude (Fig. 2C ).Ukugxiliswa kwesilinganiso (ububanzi: 1.5–9.1 ng L-1) bengqikithi ye-mercury emvula eyinqwaba yenkathi eyomile bekungaphansi kunamanani abikwe ngaphambilini e-Adirondacks yaseNew York37 futhi ngokuvamile ayephansi kunalawo asezindaweni ezikude zase-Amazonian38.Ngakho-ke, okokufaka kwemvula ngobuningi be-Hg bekungaphansi (8.6-21.5 µg Hg m-2 yr-1) endaweni eseduze yokugawulwa kwamahlathi uma kuqhathaniswa ne-GEM, amaphethini okudonsela phansi kanye nokugxilisa udoti endaweni yezimayini, futhi Ayibonisi ukuba seduze kwezimayini. .Ngenxa yokuthi i-ASGM idinga ukugawulwa kwamahlathi, izindawo ezingu-2,3 ezigawuliwe lapho kugxilwe khona imisebenzi yezimayini zinokufaka kwe-mercury okuphansi okuvela endaweni engaphansi kwe-atmospheric kunezindawo eziseduze zamahlathi, nakuba ukukhishwa okuqondile okungewona komoya kwe-ASGM (okufana ne-ASGM).ukuchitheka kwe-elemental mercury noma umsila) kungenzeka kube phezulu kakhulu.High 22.
Izinguquko ekuguquguqukeni kwe-mercury ezibonwa e-Peruvian Amazon ziqhutshwa umehluko omkhulu phakathi naphakathi kwezindawo phakathi nenkathi eyomile (ihlathi nokugawulwa kwamahlathi) (Fig. 2). Ngokuphambene, sabona umehluko omncane ophakathi nendawo kanye ne-inter-site kanye ukuguquguquka okuphansi kwe-Hg ngesikhathi sezimvula (Umfanekiso Wokungezelela. 1). Lo mehluko wenkathi yonyaka (Fig. 2B) ungase ubangelwe izinga eliphezulu lokukhiqiza izimayini nothuli ngenkathi eyomile.Ukwenyuka kokugawulwa kwamahlathi kanye nemvula encishisiwe ngezikhathi zonyaka ezomile kungase kwandise uthuli. ukukhiqizwa, ngaleyo ndlela kwandise inani lezinhlayiya zasemkhathini ezimunca i-mercury.Ukukhiqizwa kwe-Mercury nothuli phakathi nenkathi eyomile kungase kube nomthelela kumaphethini we-mercury flux ngaphakathi kokugawulwa kwamahlathi uma kuqhathaniswa nezindawo ezinamahlathi e-Los Amigos Conservation Concession.
Njengoba okokufaka kwe-mercury okuvela ku-ASGM e-Peruvian Amazon kufakwa ku-ecosystem yasemhlabeni ngokuyinhloko ngokusebenzisana ne-canopy yehlathi, sihlole ukuthi ingabe ukuminyana kwesihlahla esiphezulu (okungukuthi, inkomba yendawo yamaqabunga) kungaholela ekufakweni okuphezulu kwe-mercury.Ehlathini elingashintshile lase-Los Amigos I-Conservation Concession, siqoqe ukwehla okusuka ezindaweni eziyisi-7 zehlathi ezinokuminyana kwe-canopy okuhlukile.Sithole ukuthi inkomba yendawo yeqabunga yayiyisibikezelo esinamandla sengqikithi ye-mercury okokufaka ekwindla, futhi isilinganiso sengqikithi yokugxiliswa kwe-mercury ngokuwa kwenyuka ngenkomba yendawo yamaqabunga (Fig. 3C ).Ezinye izinto eziningi eziguquguqukayo ziphinde zibe nomthelela ekufakweni kwe-mercury ngokuwa, okuhlanganisa iqabunga elineminyaka engu-34 ubudala, ukuhwalala kweqabunga, ukuminyana kwesisu, isivinini somoya39, isiphithiphithi, izinga lokushisa, nezikhathi zangaphambi kokoma.
Ngokuvumelana namazinga aphezulu kakhulu okufakwa kwe-mercury, inhlabathi engaphezulu (0-5 cm) yesayithi yehlathi lase-Los Amigos ibe nenani eliphakeme kakhulu lengqikithi ye-mercury (140 ng g-1 enkathini eyomile ka-2018; Fig. 2E) .Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukugxila kwe-mercury kwaba okunothisiwe kuyo yonke iphrofayili yenhlabathi emile elinganisiwe (ububanzi obuyi-138–155 ng g-1 ekujuleni kuka-45 cm; I-Supplementary Fig. 3). Indawo okuwukuphela kwayo eyabonisa ukugcwala kwe-mercury engaphezulu kwenhlabathi ngesikhathi esomile sika-2018 kwakuyindawo yokugawulwa kwamahlathi eduze idolobha elinezimayini (i-Boca Colorado).Kuleli sayithi, sacabanga ukuthi ukugxila okuphezulu kakhulu kungase kube ngenxa yokungcoliswa kwendawo kwe-elemental mercury ngesikhathi sokuhlanganisa, njengoba ukugxila akuzange kukhuphuke ekujuleni (>5 cm). ukulahlekelwa ukuphunyuka enhlabathini (okungukuthi i-mercury ekhishelwe emkhathini) ngenxa yokumbozwa kwe-canopy ingase ibe ngaphansi kakhulu ezindaweni ezinamahlathi kunasezindaweni ezigawuliwe amahlathi40, okusikisela ukuthi ingxenye enkulu ye-mercury ifakwe ekongiweni.Indawo isala enhlabathini.Amachibi engqikithi yomhlabathi ye-mercury ehlathini eliyinhloko Lokongiwa Kokongiwa kwe-Los Amigos ayengu-9100 μg Hg m-2 phakathi kuka-5 cm wokuqala nangaphezulu kuka-80,000 μg Hg m-2 phakathi kwama-45 cm okuqala.
Njengoba amaqabunga ngokuyinhloko amunca i-mercury yasemkhathini, esikhundleni se-mercury yomhlabathi,30,31 bese ethutha le mercury emhlabathini ngokuwa, kungenzeka ukuthi izinga eliphezulu lokubekelwa phansi kwe-mercury liqhuba amaphethini abonwa enhlabathini.Sithole ukuhlobana okuqinile phakathi kwenani eliphelele. ukugxila kwemercury enhlabathini engaphezulu kanye nengqikithi ye-mercury kuzo zonke izindawo zehlathi, kuyilapho bekungekho ubudlelwano phakathi kwemercury yomhlabathi ongaphezulu kanye nokugxilwa kwengqikithi yemercury emvuleni enkulu ezindaweni ezigawuliwe (Fig. 3D) .Amaphethini afanayo nawo abonakala ebudlelwaneni phakathi kwamachibi e-mercury enhlabathi engaphezulu kanye ukuguquguquka okuphelele kwe-mercury ezindaweni ezinamahlathi, kodwa hhayi ezindaweni zokugawulwa kwamahlathi (amachibi e-mercury enhlabathi engaphezulu kanye nenani eliphelele lemvula eliphelele le-mercury fluxes).
Cishe zonke izifundo zokungcoliswa kwe-mercury yasemhlabeni ezihlotshaniswa ne-ASGM zilinganiselwe ezilinganisweni ze-mercury isiyonke, kodwa ukugxila kwe-methylmercury kunquma ukutholakala kwe-mercury bioavailability kanye nokunqwabelana kwezakhi ezilandelayo kanye nokuchayeka. ngokuvamile kukholelwa ukuthi inhlabathi yasezintabeni inezinga eliphansi le-methylmercury. Nokho, ngokokuqala ngqa, siqophe ukugxila okulinganisekayo kwe-MeHg enhlabathini yase-Amazonian eduze ne-ASGMs, okusikisela ukuthi ukugxila okuphezulu kwe-MeHg kudlulele ngale kwe-ecosystem yasemanzini kanye nasezindaweni eziwumhlaba ngaphakathi kwalezi zindawo ezithintekile ze-ASGM. , kuhlanganise nalezo ezicwiliswa emanzini ngenkathi yezimvula.Umhlabathi kanye nalezo ezihlala zomile unyaka wonke.Isilinganiso esiphezulu se-methylmercury enhlabathini engaphezulu phakathi nenkathi eyomile ka-2018 yenzeke ezindaweni ezimbili ezinamahlathi emayini (i-Boca Colorado ne-Los Amigos Reserve; 1.4 ng MeHg g−1, 1.4% Hg njenge-MeHg kanye ne-1.1 ng MeHg g−1, ngokulandelana, ku-0.79% Hg (njenge-MeHg) Njengoba la maphesenti e-mercury ohlobo lwe-methylmercury eqhathaniswa nezinye izindawo zasemhlabeni emhlabeni jikelele (I-Supplementary Fig. 4), ukugxila okuphezulu kwe-methylmercury kubonakala sengathi kungenxa yokufaka okuphezulu okuphelele kwe-Mercury kanye nokugcinwa okuphezulu kwengqikithi ye-mercury enhlabathini, esikhundleni sokuguqulwa kwensalela kwe-inorganic mercury etholakalayo ibe yi-methylmercury (I-Supplementary Fig. 5) Imiphumela yethu imele izilinganiso zokuqala ze-methylmercury enhlabathini eseduze ne-ASGM e-Peruvian Amazon. Ngokusho kolunye ucwaningo lubike ukukhiqizwa okuphezulu kwe-methylmercury ezindaweni ezigcwele izikhukhula nezomile43,44 futhi silindele ukugxila okuphezulu kwe-methylmercury ehlathini eliseduze ngezikhathi ezithile zesizini kanye namaxhaphozi ahlala njalo.imithwalo ye-mercury efanayo.Nakuba i-methylmercury Ukuthi ingabe ikhona ingcuphe yobuthi ezilwaneni zasendle ezisemhlabeni eduze nemisebenzi yezimayini zegolide kusazocaciswa, kodwa lawa mahlathi aseduze nemisebenzi ye-ASGM angase abe izindawo ezishisayo zokuqoqwa kwe-mercury kumawebhu okudla asemhlabeni.
Umthelela obaluleke kakhulu nonoveli womsebenzi wethu uwukubhala phansi ukuthuthwa kwenani elikhulu le-mercury emahlathini aseduze ne-ASGM.Imininingwane yethu iphakamisa ukuthi le mercury iyatholakala, futhi idlulela kumawebhu okudla asemhlabeni.Ngaphezu kwalokho, amanani abalulekile e-mercury. zigcinwa ku-biomass nasenhlabathini futhi kungenzeka zikhishwe ngokushintsha kokusetshenziswa komhlaba4 kanye nokushiswa kwehlathi45,46.I-Amazon eseningizimu-mpumalanga yePeru ingenye yezindawo eziphilayo ezihlukahlukene kakhulu zezilwane ezinomgogodla kanye nezinambuzane eziseMhlabeni.Isakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi ngaphakathi kwe-tropical yasendulo engaguquki. amahlathi athuthukisa ukuhlukahluka kwezinyoni zezinyoni48 futhi ahlinzeka ngezindawo zezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobo ezihlala emahlathini49.Ngenxa yalokho, ngaphezu kwama-50% wendawo yaseMadre de Dios iqokwe njengendawo evikelekile noma indawo egciniwe kazwelonke50.Ingcindezi yamazwe ngamazwe yokulawula umsebenzi we-ASGM ongekho emthethweni I-Tambopata National Reserve ikhule kakhulu kule minyaka eyishumi edlule, okuholele esinyathelweni esikhulu sokuphoqelela (i-Operación Mercurio) nguhulumeni wasePeruvia.ngo-2019. Nokho, lokho esikutholile kusikisela ukuthi inkimbinkimbi yamahlathi angaphansi kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zase-Amazonian yenza isifunda sibe sengozini enkulu yokulayisha i-mercury nokugcinwa ezindaweni ezinokukhishwa kwe-mercury okuhlobene ne-ASGM, okuholela ekuguquguqukeni kwe-mercury emhlabeni wonke emanzini.Isilinganiso esiphezulu esibikiwe senani sisekelwe ezilinganisweni zethu zokuqala zokuguquguquka kwe-litter mercury ephakeme emahlathini angaguquki eduze ne-ASGM. Ngenkathi uphenyo lwethu lwenzeka emahlathini avikelwe, iphethini yokufakwa kwe-mercury ephakeme nokugcinwa kuzosebenza kunoma yiliphi ihlathi elidala elidala. eduze nomsebenzi we-ASGM, okuhlanganisa izindawo ze-buffer, ngakho le miphumela ihambisana namahlathi avikelwe nangavikelekile.Amahlathi avikelwe ayafana.Ngakho-ke, ubungozi be-ASGM kumhlaba we-mercury abuhlobene nje kuphela nokungenisa okuqondile kwe-mercury ngokusebenzisa i-atmospheric emissions, ukuchitheka, kanye netailings, kodwa futhi nekhono le-landscape lokubamba, ukugcina, nokuguqula i-mercury ibe yi-bioavailable eyengeziwe. amafomu.okuhlobene ne- potential.methylmercury, ebonisa imiphumela ehlukile kumachibi e-mercury omhlaba kanye nezilwane zasendle ezisemhlabeni kuye ngokuthi ihlathi limbozekile eduze nezimayini.
Ngokuthatha i-atmospheric mercury, amahlathi angaguquki aseduze nezimayini zegolide nezincane anganciphisa ubungozi bemercury ezindaweni ezihlala emanzini eziseduze kanye namadamu asemkhathini we-mercury. E-Peruvian Amazon, cishe amathani angu-180 e-mercury asetshenziswa minyaka yonke ku-ASGM54, okuthi ingxenye yesine yayo ikhishelwe emkhathini55, uma kubhekwa iConservation Concession. e-Los Amigos. Le ndawo icishe iphindwe izikhathi ezingu-7.5 kunengqikithi yendawo yeziqiwi nemvelo evikelwe esifundeni saseMadre de Dios (cishe amahektha ayizigidi ezi-4), enengxenye enkulu yomhlaba evikelekile kunoma yisiphi esinye isifundazwe sasePeruvia, izindawo ezinkulu zehlathi elingaphelele.Ingxenye engaphandle kwendawo yokubeka i-ASGM kanye ne-mercury.Ngakho, ukuthunjwa kwe-mercury emahlathini angaguquki akwanele ukuvimbela i-ASGM-derived mercury ukuthi ingene kumachibi omkhathi we-mercury wesifunda kanye nomhlaba wonke, okuphakamisa ukubaluleka kokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwe-ASGM mercury.Isiphetho sobuningi bemercury I-mercury egcinwe ezinhlelweni ze-terrestrial ithonywa kakhulu izinqubomgomo zokongiwa kwemvelo.Izinqumo zesikhathi esizayo mayelana nendlela yokuphatha amahlathi angashintshile, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni eziseduze nomsebenzi we-ASGM, ngaleyo ndlela zinemithelela ekuhlanganiseni i-mercury kanye nokutholakala kwe-bioavailability manje nasemashumini eminyaka ezayo.
Ngisho noma amahlathi engase asebenzise yonke i-mercury ekhishwa emahlathini ashisayo, ngeke kube ikhambi lokungcoliswa kwe-mercury, njengoba izizinda zokudla zasemhlabeni zingase zibe sengcupheni ye-mercury.Kuncane kakhulu esikwaziyo mayelana nokugxilwa kwe-mercury ku-biota phakathi kwala mahlathi angaphelele, kodwa lokhu kuqala. izilinganiso ze-terrestrial mercury deposits kanye ne-methylmercury yomhlabathi ziphakamisa ukuthi amazinga aphezulu e-mercury enhlabathini kanye ne-methylmercury ephezulu angase akhulise ukuchayeka kulabo abahlala kulawa mahlathi.Izingozi zabathengi bezinga eliphezulu lokudla okunempilo.Idatha evela ezifundweni zangaphambilini mayelana nokuqoqwa kwe-mercury emhlabeni emahlathini apholile ithole ukuthi ukugxila kwe-mercury egazini ezinyonini kuhlotshaniswa nokugxilwa kwe-mercury endaweni ephansi, futhi izinyoni ezicula izingoma ezidla ukudla okutholwe ngokuphelele ezweni zingabonisa ukugxila kwe-mercury Ukuphakama 56,57.Ukuchayeka kwemercury okuphakeme kuhlotshaniswa nezinyoni eziculayo ngokusebenza okuncishisiwe kokuzala kanye nempumelelo, ukusinda kwezingane ezincishisiwe, ukuthuthukiswa kokukhubazeka, izinguquko zokuziphatha, ukucindezeleka ngokomzimba, nokufa58,59.Uma lo modeli ubambelela e-Amazon yasePeruvia, ukugeleza okuphezulu kwe-mercury okwenzeka emahlathini aqinile kungaholela ekugxilweni okuphezulu kwe-mercury. ezinyonini nakwezinye izinto eziphilayo, okunemiphumela emibi engaba khona.Lokhu kuphathelene ikakhulukazi ngoba isifunda siyindawo ethandwa kakhulu emhlabeni jikelele60.Le miphumela igcizelela ukubaluleka kokuvimbela ukumbiwa kwegolide kwezingcweti kanye nezincane ukuthi zenzeke ezindaweni ezivikelwe zikazwelonke kanye nezindawo ezizungezile. kubo.Ukwenza ngokusemthethweni umsebenzi we-ASGMes15,16 kungaba yindlela yokuqinisekisa ukuthi imihlaba evikelekile ayixhashazwa.
Ukuhlola ukuthi i-mercury efakwe kulezi zindawo ezinamahlathi iyangena yini kuwebhu yokudla okusemhlabeni, silinganise izimpaphe zomsila zezinyoni ezimbalwa eziculayo ezivela e-Los Amigos Reserve (ethintwe yizimayini) kanye ne-Cocha Cashu Biological Station (izinyoni ezindala ezingathintekile).ingqikithi yehlathi lokukhula kwe-mercury), i-140 km ukusuka endaweni yethu ephezulu yomfula i-Bokamanu.Kuzo zontathu izinhlobo lapho abantu abaningi bathathwa khona endaweni ngayinye, i-Hg ibiphakeme ezinyonini zase-Los Amigos uma kuqhathaniswa ne-Cocha Cashu (Fig. 4). iphethini yaqhubeka kungakhathaliseki imikhuba yokudla, njengoba isampula yethu yayihlanganisa i-Myrmotherula axillaris emelene nokudla okuphansi, i-Phlegopsis nigromaculata ephikisana nezintuthwane, kanye ne-Pipra fasciicauda edla izithelo (1.8 [n = 10] vs. 0.9 μg g− 1 [n = 2], 4.1 [n = 10] vs. 1.4 μg g-1 [n = 2], 0.3 [n = 46] vs. 0.1 μg g-1 [n = 2]).Ku-10 Phlegopsis nigromaculata abantu abasampula e-Los Amigos, abangu-3 beqe i-EC10 (ukugxiliswa okuphumelelayo kokunciphisa ngo-10% empumelelweni yokuzala), 3 kweqe EC20, 1 kweqe EC30 (bona indlela ye-EC ku-Evers58), futhi alukho uhlobo olulodwa lwe-Cocha Noma yiluphi uhlobo lwe-Cashu oludlula i-EC10. okutholakele, ngokugxila okumaphakathi kwe-mercury izikhathi ezi-2-3 ngaphezulu ezinyonini eziculayo ezivela emahlathini avikelwe aseduze nomsebenzi we-ASGM,kanye nokugxila kwe-mercury ngakunye kufika izikhathi ezingu-12 ngaphezulu, kuphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngokuthi ukungcoliswa kwe-mercury kusuka ku-ASGM kungase kungene kumawebhu okudla asemhlabeni.izinga lokukhathazeka okukhulu.Le miphumela igcizelela ukubaluleka kokuvimbela umsebenzi we-ASGM eziqiwini zikazwelonke kanye nezindawo ezizungezile ze-buffer.
Idatha iqoqwe ku-Los Amigos Conservation Concessions (n = 10 ye-Myrmotherula axillaris [undertory invertivore] ne-Phlegopsi nigromaculata [ant-following invertivore], n = 46 ye-Pipra fasciicauda [frugivore]; uphawu lukanxantathu obomvu) nezindawo ezikude e-Cocha I-Kashu Biological Station (n = 2 ngohlobo ngalunye; izimpawu eziyindilinga eziluhlaza).Ukugxila okusebenzayo (ECs) kuboniswa ukunciphisa impumelelo yokuzala ngo-10%, 20% no-30% (bona i-Evers58).Izithombe zezinyoni ezilungiswe kusukela ku-Schulenberg65.
Kusukela ngo-2012, izinga le-ASGM e-Amazon yasePeru lenyuke ngamaphesenti angaphezu kuka-40 ezindaweni ezivikelekile kanye nezingu-2,25 noma ngaphezulu ezindaweni ezingavikelekile. ezihlala kulawa mahlathi.Ngisho noma abavukuzi beyeka ukusebenzisa i-mercury ngokushesha, imiphumela yalokhu kungcola enhlabathini ingahlala amakhulu eminyaka, inamandla okwandisa ukulahlekelwa okuvela ekugawulweni kwamahlathi kanye nokusha kwamahlathi61,62.Ngakho, ukungcola kwe-mercury okuvela ku-ASGM kungase kube okuhlala isikhathi eside. imiphumela ku-biota yamahlathi angaguquki aseduze ne-ASGM, ubungozi bamanje kanye nezingozi zesikhathi esizayo ngokukhishwa kwe-mercury emahlathini asebekhulile anenani eliphakeme kakhulu lokulondoloza.kanye nokwenza kusebenze futhi ukuze kwandiswe amandla okungcola.Ukuthola kwethu ukuthi i-terrestrial biota ingase ibe sengcupheni enkulu yokungcoliswa kwe-mercury evela ku-ASGM kufanele kunikeze umfutho owengeziwe wemizamo eqhubekayo yokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwe-mercury ku-ASGM.Le mizamo ihlanganisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene, kusukela ekuthathweni okulula kwemercury. amasistimu wokuhluza ama-distillation ekutshalweni kwezimali kwezomnotho nezenhlalakahle okuyinselele kakhulu okuzokwenza umsebenzi ube semthethweni futhi kunciphise izikhuthazo zomnotho ze-ASGM engekho emthethweni.
Sineziteshi ezinhlanu phakathi kwamakhilomitha angu-200 oMfula i-Madre de Dios.Sikhethe iziza zokusampula ezisuselwe ekubeni seduze kwazo nomsebenzi omkhulu we-ASGM, cishe amakhilomitha angama-50 phakathi kwesizinda samasampula ngasinye, okufinyeleleka kuzo ngomfula i-Madre de Dios (Fig. 2A). sikhethe iziza ezimbili ezingenazo izimayini (i-Boca Manu ne-Chilive, cishe amakhilomitha ayi-100 no-50 ukusuka ku-ASGM, ngokulandelana), ngemuva kwalokhu okubizwa ngokuthi “izindawo ezikude”. iziza ezimbili zezimayini ezisehlathini lesibili eduze kwamadolobha ase-Boca Colorado kanye ne-Laberinto, kanye nesizinda sezimayini esisodwa ehlathini eliyisisekelo.Los Amigos Protection Concessions.Sicela uqaphele ukuthi ezindaweni ze-Boca Colorado kanye ne-Laberinto kule ndawo yezimayini, i-mercury vapor ikhishwe ekushiseni. ye-mercury-gold amalgam ivame ukwenzeka, kodwa indawo nenani eliqondile akwaziwa njengoba le misebenzi ivame ukuba engekho emthethweni futhi iyimfihlo;sizohlanganisa izimayini kanye ne-mercury Alloy combustion ngokuhlanganyela kubizwa ngokuthi "umsebenzi we-ASGM".Ngesikhathi esomile sika-2018 (Julayi no-August 2018) kanye nenkathi yemvula ka-2018 (December 2018) ekuqothulweni (izindawo zokugawulwa kwamahlathi ezingenazo nhlobo izitshalo zezinkuni) kanye ngaphansi kwama-canopies ezihlahla (izindawo zamahlathi), thina abasampula be-Sediment safakwa ezindaweni ezinhlanu futhi ngoJanuwari 2019) ukuze siqoqe indawo emanzi (n = 3) kanye nokwehla kokungena (n = 4), ngokulandelanayo. Amasampula emvula aqoqwa phakathi namasonto amane inkathi eyomile kanye namasonto amabili kuya kwamathathu enkathi yemvula.Phakathi nonyaka wesibili wamasampula enkathi eyomile (Julayi no-August 2019), safaka abaqoqi (n = 4) kwezinye iziza zehlathi eziyisithupha e-Los Amigos amasonto amahlanu, ngokusekelwe amazinga aphezulu okubekwa kukalwa ngonyaka wokuqala, Kunengqikithi yezindawo zehlathi eziyi-7 kanye nesiqephu esingu-1 sokugawulwa kwamahlathi e-Los Amigos.Ibanga phakathi kwezindawo lalingu-0.1 kuya ku-2.5 km.Siqoqe i-GPS waypoint eyodwa ngesakhiwo ngasinye sisebenzisa i-Garmin GPS ephathwayo.
Sifake amasampula omoya ongenzi lutho we-mercury endaweni ngayinye kweziyisihlanu phakathi nenkathi eyomile ka-2018 (Julayi-Agasti 2018) kanye nenkathi yemvula ka-2018 (Disemba 2018-Januwari 2019) izinyanga ezimbili (PAS). phakathi nenkathi eyomile futhi amasampula e-PAS amabili asetshenziswa ngenkathi yezimvula.I-PAS (yathuthukiswa uMcLagan et al. 63) iqoqa i-gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) ngokufaka i-passive diffusion kanye ne-adsorption ku-sulfur-impregnated carbon sorbent (HGR-AC) ngokusebenzisa i-Radiello© diffusion barrier.Umgoqo wokusabalalisa we-PAS usebenza njengesithiyo ekudluleleni kwezinhlobo ze-organic mercury ezinegesi;ngakho-ke, i-GEM kuphela ekhangiswe ku-carbon 64. Sasebenzisa izibopho zamakhebula epulasitiki ukuze sinamathisele i-PAS esigxotsheni esingaba yimitha engu-1 ngaphezu komhlaba. Wonke amasampula ayevalwe nge-parafilm noma agcinwe ezikhwameni zepulasitiki ezinezingqimba ezimbili ezivalekayo ngaphambi nangemuva kokuthunyelwa. kuqoqwe inkundla engenalutho futhi ihamba ingenalutho i-PAS ukuze kuhlolwe ukungcola okwethulwe ngesikhathi sokusampula, ukugcinwa kwenkundla, indawo yokugcinwa kwaselabhorethri, kanye nesampula yokuthutha.
Ngesikhathi sokuthunyelwa kwazo zonke iziza ezinhlanu zamasampula, sibeke abaqoqi bemvula abathathu ukuze kuhlaziywe i-mercury kanye nabaqoqi ababili ukuze bathole okunye ukuhlaziya amakhemikhali, kanye nabaqoqi abane abadlulayo ukuze kuhlaziywe i-mercury endaweni yokugawulwa kwamahlathi.umqoqi, kanye nabaqoqi ababili bokunye ukuhlaziya amakhemikhali.Abaqoqi baqhelelene ngemitha elilodwa ukusuka komunye nomunye.Qaphela ukuthi nakuba sinenani elingaguquki labaqoqi abafakwe endaweni ngayinye, ngezikhathi ezithile zokuqoqwa siba namasampula amancane osayizi ngenxa yezikhukhula zesayithi, abantu. ukuphazamiseka kwabaqoqi, nokwehluleka kokuxhumana phakathi kwamashubhu namabhodlela okuqoqwa.Ehlathini ngalinye nasezindaweni zokugawulwa kwamahlathi, umqoqi oyedwa wokuhlaziya i-mercury wayenebhodlela elingu-500-mL, kanti elinye linebhodlela elingu-250-mL;zonke ezinye iziqoqi zokuhlaziya amakhemikhali zaziqukethe ibhodlela le-250-mL. Lawa masampuli agcinwa efrijini kuze kuphele iqhwa, abese ethunyelwa e-United States eqhweni, abese egcinwa eqandisiwe kuze kuhlaziywe.Umqoqi wokuhlaziywa kwe-mercury uqukethe ifaneli yengilazi edlulisiwe. ngeshubhu entsha ye-styrene-ethylene-butadiene-styrene block polymer (C-Flex) enebhodlela elisha le-polyethylene terephthalate Ester copolyester glycol (PETG) elineluphu esebenza njengesikhiya somphunga.Ekuhanjisweni, wonke amabhodlela e-PETG angu-250 mL afakwe i-asidi nge-1 mL i-trace metal grade hydrochloric acid (HCl) kanye nawo wonke amabhodlela e-PETG angu-500 mL afakwe i-asidi ngo-2 mL webanga lensimbi le-HCl. Umqoqi wokunye ukuhlaziya amakhemikhali uqukethe ifaneli yepulasitiki exhunywe ebhodleleni le-polyethylene ngeshubhu entsha ye-C-Flex nge iluphu esebenza njengesikhiya somoya. Onke amafaneli engilazi, amafaneli epulasitiki namabhodlela e-polyethylene ahlanzwa nge-asidi ngaphambi kokuthunyelwa.ama-ples abandayo ngangokunokwenzeka kuze kubuyelwe e-United States, bese agcinwa amasampula ku-4°C kuze kube yilapho ehlaziya.Ucwaningo lwangaphambilini olusebenzisa le ndlela lubonise ukutholwa okungu-90-110% kwezikhala zaselabhorethri ezingaphansi komkhawulo wokutholwa kanye nezipiks ezijwayelekile37.
Endaweni ngayinye kweziyisihlanu, siqoqe amaqabunga njengamaqabunga e-canopy, amasampula amaqabunga abanjwe, udoti omusha, nodoti omningi sisebenzisa umthetho olandelwayo wezandla ezingcolile-izandla ezihlanzekile (EPA Method 1669). Wonke amasampula aqoqwe ngaphansi kwelayisensi yokuqoqwa evela kwa-SERFOR , Peru, futhi yangeniswa e-United States ngaphansi kwelayisensi yokungenisa ye-USDA.Siqoqe amaqabunga e-canopy ezinhlobonhlobo zezihlahla ezimbili ezitholakala kuzo zonke iziza: uhlobo lwesihlahla esisafufusa (Ficus insipida) kanye nesihlahla esiphakathi nendawo (Inga feuilleei).Saqoqa amaqabunga kusuka ezihlahleni kusetshenziswa i-Notch Big Shot slingshot ngesizini esomile sango-2018, inkathi yemvula ka-2018, kanye nenkathi yokomisa ka-2019 (n = 3 uhlobo ngalunye).Siqoqe amasampula okubanjwa kwamaqabunga (n = 1) ngokuqoqa amaqabunga esizeni ngasinye amagatsha angaphansi kwamamitha angu-2 ukusuka emhlabathini phakathi nenkathi yokomisa ka-2018, inkathi yemvula ka-2018, kanye nenkathi yokomisa yango-2019. Ngo-2019, siphinde saqoqa amasampula okubanjwa kwamaqabunga (n = 1) kwezinye iziza zehlathi ezingu-6 e-Los Amigos. Saqoqa udoti omusha (“udoti omningi”) kumabhasikidi anezikhala zepulasitiki(n = 5) phakathi nenkathi yemvula ka-2018 kuzo zonke iziza ezinhlanu zamahlathi kanye nangenkathi eyomile ka-2019 endaweni yase-Los Amigos (n = 5).Qaphela ukuthi ngenkathi sifaka inombolo engaguquki yobhasikidi endaweni ngayinye, ngezikhathi ezithile zokuqoqwa. , usayizi wethu wesampula wawumncane ngenxa yezikhukhula zesayithi kanye nokugxambukela kwabantu kubaqoqi. Bonke obhasikidi bemfucumfucu babekwa phakathi kwemitha elilodwa lendawo yokuqoqa amanzi. Siqoqe udoti omningi njengamasampula emfucumfucu phakathi nenkathi yokomisa ka-2018, inkathi yezimvula ka-2018, kanye isizini esomile ka-2019.Ngenkathi eyomile ka-2019, siphinde saqoqa inani elikhulu likadoti kuzo zonke iziza zethu zase-Los Amigos. Sawafaka efrijini wonke amasampula amaqabunga aze aqandiswe kusetshenziswa isiqandisi, bese sithunyelwa e-US ngeqhwa, bese igcinwa ifriziwe kuze kucutshungulwe.
Siqoqe amasampula omhlabathi ngokuphindwe kathathu (n = 3) kuzo zonke iziza ezinhlanu (ezivulekile nezivulekele) kanye nesiqephu sase-Los Amigos phakathi nenkathi eyomile ka-2019 phakathi nayo yonke imicimbi emithathu yesizini. Wonke amasampula omhlabathi aqoqwe phakathi imitha elilodwa lokuqoqwa kwemvula.We saqoqa amasampula omhlabathi njengenhlabathi engaphezulu ngaphansi kongqimba lwemfucumfucu (0-5 cm) sisebenzisa isampula yenhlabathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, phakathi nenkathi eyomile ka-2018, saqoqa izinongo zenhlabathi ezifika ku-45 cm ukujula futhi sazihlukanisa zibe izingxenye ezinhlanu zokujula. qoqa iphrofayili yenhlabathi eyodwa kuphela ngoba itafula lamanzi liseduze nomhlabathi.Siqoqe wonke amasampula sisebenzisa iphrothokholi yesandla ehlanzekile yezandla ezingcolile (EPA Method 1669).Sawafaka efrijini wonke amasampula omhlabathi aze aqandiswe kusetshenziswa isiqandisi, bese sithunyelwa ngomkhumbi. eqhweni eya e-United States, bese igcinwa iqhwa kuze kucutshungulwe.
Sebenzisa izidleke zenkungu ezibekwe ekuseni nakusihlwa ukuze ubambe izinyoni ngezikhathi ezipholile kakhulu zosuku.E-Los Amigos Reserve, sabeka izidleke zenkungu ezinhlanu (1.8 × 2.4) ezindaweni eziyisishiyagalolunye.E-Cocha Cashu Bio Station, sabeka u-8 kuya Izidleke zenkungu ezingu-10 (12 x 3.2 m) ezindaweni ezingu-19. Kuzo zombili izingosi, siqoqe uphaphe oluphakathi lwenyoni ngayinye oluphakathi, noma uma kungenjalo, uphaphe oludala kakhulu.Sigcina izimpaphe ezikhwameni ezihlanzekile ze-Ziploc noma ezimvilophini ze-manila ezine-silicone. amarekhodi ezithombe kanye nezilinganiso ze-morphometric ukuhlonza izinhlobo zezilwane ngokusho kwe-Schulenberg65.Zombili izifundo zisekelwe yi-SERFOR kanye nemvume evela kuMkhandlu Wocwaningo Lwezilwane (IACUC).Uma siqhathanisa ukugxila kwe-bird feather Hg, sihlole lezo zinhlobo izimpaphe zazo ezaqoqwa ku-Los Amigos Conservation Concession. kanye ne-Cocha Cashu Biological Station (Myrmotherula axillaris, Phlegopsis nigromaculata, Pipra fasciicauda).
Ukuze kunqunywe Inkomba Yendawo Yeqabunga (i-LAI), idatha ye-lidar yaqoqwa kusetshenziswa i-GatorEye Unmanned Aerial Laboratory, i-sensor fusion yesistimu yasemoyeni engaphethwe muntu (bona www.gatoreye.org ukuze uthole imininingwane, etholakala kusetshenziswa isixhumanisi esithi “2019 Peru Los Friends” June” ) 66.I-lidar yaqoqwa e-Los Amigos Conservation Conservation ngoJuni 2019, enokuphakama okungama-80 m, isivinini sendiza esingu-12 m/s, kanye nebanga lama-100 m phakathi kwemizila eseduze, ngakho izinga lokuphambuka kwe-lateral lifinyelele ku-75. %.Ukuminyana kwamaphoyinti asabalaliswe kuphrofayela yehlathi eqondile kudlula amaphoyinti angu-200 imitha-skwele ngayinye.Indawo yendiza igqagqana nazo zonke izindawo zamasampula e-Los Amigos phakathi nenkathi eyomile ka-2019.
Silinganise ingqikithi ye-Hg yama-GEM aqoqwe e-PAS ngokususwa kwe-thermal, ukuhlanganisa, nokumuncwa kwe-atomic spectroscopy (USEPA Indlela 7473) sisebenzisa ithuluzi le-Hydra C (i-Teledyne, CV-AAS).Silinganise i-CV-AAS sisebenzisa i-National Institute of Standards kanye ne-Technology (NIST) Standard Reference Material 3133 (Hg standard solution, 10.004 mg g-1) enomkhawulo wokutholwa ongu-0.5 ng Hg.Senze i-Continuous Calibration Verification (CCV) sisebenzisa i-NIST SRM 3133 kanye ne-Quality Control Standards (QCS) sisebenzisa i-NIST I-1632e (amalahle e-bituminous, 135.1 mg g-1).Sihlukanise isampula ngayinye esikebheni esihlukile, sayibeka phakathi kwezingqimba ezimbili ezincanyana ze-sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) powder, futhi sayimboza ngongqimba oluncane lwe-aluminium hydroxide (Al(OH) 3) i-powder67.Silinganise isamba sokuqukethwe kwe-HGR-AC kwesampula ngayinye ukuze sisuse noma yikuphi ukungafani kwe-Hg ekusabalaliseni kwe-Hg ku-HGR-AC sorbent.Ngakho-ke, sibale ukugxiliswa kwe-mercury kwesampula ngayinye ngokusekelwe kwisamba sengqikithi ye-mercury elinganiswa nge isitsha ngasinye kanyekonke okuqukethwe kwe-HGR-AC kwe-sorbent ku-PAS.Ngenxa yokuthi isampula ye-PAS eyodwa kuphela eyaqoqwa endaweni ngayinye ukuze kulinganiswe ukugxiliswa kwesisindo phakathi nenkathi eyomile ka-2018, indlela yokulawula ikhwalithi nokuqinisekiswa kwenziwa ngokuhlanganisa amasampula anezikhala zenqubo yokuqapha, amazinga angaphakathi, kanye ne-matrix. -imibandela ehambisanayo.Ngenkathi yemvula yango-2018, siphinde izilinganiso zamasampula e-PAS.Amanani athathwa njengamukelekayo lapho umehluko wephesenti elihlobene (RPD) we-CCV nezilinganiso zezindinganiso ezifaniswe ne-matrix zombili zingaphakathi kuka-5% kokwamukelekayo. inani, futhi zonke izikhala zenqubo zazingaphansi komkhawulo wokutholwa (i-BDL).Silungise ingqikithi ye-mercury elinganiselwe ku-PAS sisebenzisa ukugxilisa okunqunywa kusukela kuzikhala zohambo (0.81 ± 0.18 ng g-1, n = 5).Sibale i-GEM. ukugxilisa ingqondo kusetshenziswa isamba esiphelele esilungisiwe esingenalutho se-adsorbed mercury ehlukaniswa ngesikhathi sokuthunyelwa kanye nesilinganiso samasampuli (inani lomoya lokususa i-gaseous mercury ngesikhathi seyunithi ngayinye;0.135 m3 usuku-1)63,68, okulungiselwe izinga lokushisa nomoya ovela ku-World Weather Online Izinga lokushisa elimaphakathi nezilinganiso zomoya ezitholwe endaweni ye-Madre de Dios68.Iphutha elijwayelekile elibikiwe lokugxiliswa kwe-GEM elilinganiselwe lisekelwe ephutheni lezinga langaphandle gijima ngaphambi nangemuva kwesampula.
Sihlaziye amasampula amanzi ukuze athole inani le-mercury eliqukethwe nge-oxidation ene-bromine chloride okungenani amahora angu-24, kulandele ukuncishiswa kwe-stannous chloride kanye nokuhlaziya nokuhlanzwa kwesicupho, i-cold vapor atomic fluorescence spectroscopy (CVAFS), nokuhlukaniswa kwe-gas chromatography (GC) (Indlela ye-EPA) 1631 ye-Tekran 2600 Automatic Total Mercury Analyzer, Rev. E). Senze i-CCV kumasampuli esizini esomile sango-2018 sisebenzisa amazinga e-Ultra Scientific certified aqueous mercury (10 μg L-1) kanye nokuqinisekiswa kokuqala kokulinganisa (ICV) sisebenzisa izinto eziyisethenjwa eziqinisekisiwe ze-NIST 1641D (i-mercury emanzini, 1.557 mg kg-1) ) enomkhawulo wokutholwa ongu-0.02 ng L-1.Ngenkathi emanzi ka-2018 kanye namasampula esizini esomile ka-2019, sisebenzise i-Brooks Rand Instruments Total Mercury Standard (1.0 ng L−1 ) yokulinganisa kanye ne-CCV kanye ne-SPEX Centriprep Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) yezinto eziningi ze-ICV solution standard 2 A enomkhawulo wokutholwa ongu-0.5 ng L-1.Wonke amazinga atholwe ngaphakathi kuka-15% wamanani amukelekayo.d izikhala, izikhala zokugayeka kokudla kanye nezikhala zokuhlaziya zonke zingama-BDL.
Senza inhlabathi eyomisiwe iqhwa namasampula eqabunga izinsuku ezinhlanu. Sahlanganisa amasampula futhi siwahlaziyela ingqikithi yemercury ngokubola okushisayo, ukuncishiswa kwe-catalytic, fusion, desorption, kanye ne-atomic absorption spectroscopy (indlela ye-EPA 7473) ku-Milestone Direct Mercury Analyzer (DMA). -80).Kumasampula esizini eyomile ka-2018, senze ukuhlola kwe-DMA-80 sisebenzisa i-NIST 1633c (fly ash, 1005 ng g-1) kanye ne-National Research Council of Canada certified reference material MESS-3 (marine sediment, 91 ng g -1).Ukulinganisa.Sisebenzise i-NIST 1633c ku-CCV ne-MS kanye ne-MESS-3 ku-QCS enomkhawulo wokutholwa ongu-0.2 ng Hg.Enkathini emanzi ka-2018 kanye namasampula esizini eyomile ka-2019, silinganise i-DMA-80 sisebenzisa i-Brooks Rand Instruments Total Mercury Standard (1.0) ng L−1).Sisebenzise i-NIST Standard Reference Material 2709a (San Joaquin soil, 1100 ng g-1) ku-CCV ne-MS kanye ne-DORM-4 (iphrotheni yezinhlanzi, 410 ng g-1) ku-QCS enomkhawulo wokutholwa ongu-0.5 Kuwo wonke amasizini, sihlaziye wonke amasampuli kumanani ayimpinda namukelwayo ngenkathi i-RPD phakathi kwamasampuli amabili ingaphakathi kuka-10%.Isilinganiso sokutholwa kwawo wonke amazinga nama-matrix spikes bekungaphakathi kuka-10% wamanani amukelekayo, futhi zonke izikhala bezingaphakathi. I-BDL.Konke ukugxila okubikiwe kuyisisindo esomile.
Sihlaziye i-methylmercury kumasampuli wamanzi kuyo yonke imisebenzi emithathu yesizini, amasampula amaqabunga esizini esomile ka-2018, kanye namasampula enhlabathi kuyo yonke imisebenzi emithathu yesizini. % i-potassium hydroxide ku-methanol okungenani amahora angu-48 ku-55°C okungenani amahora angu-70, nomhlabathi ogaywe nge-microwave ene-trace metal-grade HNO3 acid71,72.Sihlaziye amasampula enkathi eyomile ka-2018 nge-ethylation yamanzi sisebenzisa i-sodium tetraethylborate, purge and trap, kanye ne-CVAFS ku-Tekran 2500 spectrometer (indlela ye-EPA engu-1630). umkhawulo wokuthola indlela ongu-0.2 ng L-1.Sihlaziye amasampula enkathi eyomile ka-2019 sisebenzisa i-sodium tetraethylborate ye-water ethylation, purge and trap, CVAFS, GC, ne-ICP-MS ku-Agilent 770 (indlela ye-EPA 1630)73. Izilinganiso ze-methylmercury ze-Brooks Rand Instruments (1 ng L−1) zokulinganisa kanye ne-CCV enomkhawulo wokuthola indlela ongu-1 pg. Wonke amazinga atholwe ngaphakathi kuka-15% wamanani amukelekayo kuzo zonke izinkathi zonyaka futhi zonke izikhala kwakuyi-BDL.
E-Biodiversity Institute Toxicology Laboratory yethu (Portland, Maine, USA), umkhawulo wokuthola indlela wawungu-0.001 μg g-1.Silinganise i-DMA-80 sisebenzisa i-DOLT-5 (isibindi se-dogfish, 0.44 μg g-1), CE-464 (5.24 μg g-1), kanye ne-NIST 2710a (i-Montana soil, 9.888 μg g-1) .Sisebenzisa i-DOLT-5 ne-CE-464 ku-CCV ne-QCS.Ukubuyisela okumaphakathi kwawo wonke amazinga bekungaphakathi kuka-5% wamanani amukelekayo, nazo zonke izikhala bekuyi-BDL.Zonke izifaniso bezingaphakathi kuka-15% we-RPD.Yonke ingqikithi ye-mercury yophaphe ebikiwe inesisindo esisha (fw).
Sisebenzisa izihlungi ze-membrane ezingu-0.45 μm ukuze sihlunge amasampula amanzi ukuze sihlaziye amakhemikhali engeziwe.Sihlaziye amasampula amanzi ama-anions (i-chloride, i-nitrate, i-sulfate) nama-cations (i-calcium, i-magnesium, i-potassium, i-sodium) nge-ion chromatography (indlela ye-EPA 4110B) [USEPA, 2017a] kusetshenziswa i-Dionex ICS 2000 ion chromatograph .Wonke amazinga atholwe ngaphakathi kuka-10% wamanani amukelekayo futhi zonke izikhala bekuyi-BDL.Sisebenzisa i-Thermofisher X-Series II ukuze sihlaziye izinto zokulandelela kumasampuli wamanzi nge-plasma mass spectrometry ehlanganisiwe.Instrument amazinga okulinganisa alungiswe ngokuhlanjululwa kwe-serial kwamanzi aqinisekisiwe izinga le-NIST 1643f.Indawo yonke emhlophe yi-BDL.
Konke ukuguquguquka namachibi okubikwe embhalweni nasezibalweni kusebenzisa amanani amaphakathi enkathi eyomile neyemvula.Bona Ithebula Lokwengeza 1 ukuze uthole izilinganiso zamachibi nokuguquguquka (isilinganiso sokuguquguquka konyaka kuzo zombili izinkathi zonyaka) kusetshenziswa ukugxilisa okulinganiselwe okulinganiselwe nobukhulu obukhulu phakathi nesikhathi izinkathi zonyaka ezomile nezinemvula.Sibale ukuguquguquka kwemercury yehlathi kusuka ku-Los Amigos Conservation Concession njengokufakwa kwe-mercury esifinyeziwe ngokudonsa nodoti.Sibale ama-Hg fluxes kusukela ekuqothulweni kwamahlathi kusukela ekumisweni kwemvula ngobuningi Hg.Sisebenzisa izilinganiso zemvula zansuku zonke ezivela e-Los Amigos (eqoqwe njengengxenye ye-EBLA futhi itholakala kwa-ACCA ngesicelo), sibale isilinganiso sokuna kwemvula yonyaka kule minyaka eyishumi edlule (2009-2018) ukuze sibe cishe ku-2500 mm unyaka nonyaka .Qaphela ukuthi onyakeni wekhalenda ka-2018, imvula yonyaka iseduze nalesi silinganiso ( 2468mm), kuyilapho izinyanga ezinemvula kakhulu (ngoMasingana, Februwari noZibandlela) zithatha cishe uhhafu wemvula yonyaka (1288mm ka-2468mm) .Ngakho-ke sisebenzisa isilinganiso sokugxilwa kwenkathi yemvula nesomiso kuzo zonke izibalo zokuguquguquka kanye namachibi. Lokhu futhi kusivumela ukuba singacabangi nje kuphela umehluko wemvula phakathi kwezinkathi ezimanzi nesomiso, kodwa futhi umehluko kumazinga omsebenzi we-ASGM phakathi kwalezi zinkathi ezimbili zonyaka. Amanani ezincwadi zonyaka we-mercury fluxes abikiwe avela emahlathini ashisayo ayahluka phakathi kokwandisa ukugxila kwemercury kusukela enkathini eyomile nenemvula noma kusukela enkathini eyomile kuphela, lapho siqhathanisa ukuguquguquka kwethu okubaliwe namanani ezincwadi, siqhathanisa ngokuqondile i-mercury yethu ebaliwe, kuyilapho olunye ucwaningo lwathatha amasampula. kuzo zombili izinkathi zonyaka ezomile nezimanzi, futhi salinganisela kabusha ukuguquguquka kwethu sisebenzisa ukugxila kwemercury yenkathi eyomile kuphela lapho olunye ucwaningo luthatha amasampula kuphela ngenkathi eyomile (isb, 74).
Ukuze sinqume inani lonyaka lengqikithi ye-mercury kuyo yonke imvula, imvula enkulu kanye nodoti e-Los Amigos, sisebenzise umehluko phakathi kwenkathi eyomile (isilinganiso sazo zonke iziza zase-Los Amigos ngo-2018 nango-2019) kanye nenkathi yemvula (isilinganiso sika-2018) esiphelele I-mercury concentration.Ekuhlanganiseni okuphelele kwe-mercury kwezinye izindawo, ukugxila okumaphakathi phakathi kwenkathi eyomile ka-2018 kanye nenkathi yemvula ka-2018 kwasetshenziswa.Ngomthwalo we-methylmercury, sasebenzisa idatha yenkathi eyomile ka-2018, unyaka owodwa lapho i-methylmercury ikalwa khona. Ukulinganisa ukuguquguquka kwe-litter mercury, sasebenzisa izilinganiso zezincwadi zamazinga kadoti kanye nokugxilwa kwe-mercury okuqoqwe emaqabunga kubhasikidi kadoti ku-417 g m-2 yr-1 e-Peruvian Amazon.Ngenhlabathi ye-Hg pool engaphezulu kuka-5 cm enhlabathini, sasebenzisa ingqikithi yenhlabathi elinganisiwe Hg (izinkathi ezomile zika-2018 nezi-2019, inkathi yezimvula ka-2018) kanye nokugxila kwe-MeHg enkathini eyomile ka-2018, ngokuminyana kwenqwaba okulinganiselwe okungu-1.25 g cm-3 e-Brazilian Amazon75.We can only pyenza lezi zibalo zebhajethi endaweni yethu yocwaningo eyinhloko, i-Los Amigos, lapho kutholakala khona amasethi edatha emvula yesikhathi eside, nalapho uhlaka oluphelele lwamahlathi luvumela ukusetshenziswa kwezilinganiso zikadoti ezaqoqwa ngaphambilini.
Sicubungula imigqa yendiza ye-lidar sisebenzisa i-GatorEye multiscale postprocessing workflow, ehlanganisa ngokuzenzakalelayo ifu elihlanganisiwe lephoyinti elihlanganisiwe nemikhiqizo ye-raster, okuhlanganisa amamodeli okuphakama kwedijithali (ama-DEM) ekulungisweni okungu-0.5 × 0.5 m. Sisebenzise i-DEM futhi sahlanza amafu e-lidar point (WGS-84, UTM 19S Meters) njengokufakwayo ekuhambeni komsebenzi kwe-GatorEye Leaf Area Density (G-LAD), ehlanganisa izilinganiso zendawo yamaqabunga alinganiselwe nge-voxel ngayinye (m3) ( m2) emhlabeni wonke phezulu kwekhanopi ngokulungiswa okungu-1 × 1 × 1 m, kanye ne-LAI etholiwe (isamba se-LAD phakathi kwekholomu ngayinye eqondile engu-1 × 1 m).Inani le-LAI lephoyinti ngalinye le-GPS elihleliwe liyakhishwa.
Senze konke ukuhlaziya kwezibalo sisebenzisa i-software yezibalo engu-R yenguqulo engu-R76 nakho konke ukubonwa kusetshenziswa i-ggplot2.Senze ukuhlola kwezibalo sisebenzisa i-alpha ka-0.05.Ubudlelwano phakathi kokuhluka okubili kobuningi buhlolwe kusetshenziswa ukuhlehla kwezikwele ezijwayelekile.Senze ukuqhathanisa phakathi kwamasayithi sisebenzisa i- Ukuhlolwa kwe-Kruskal okungezona parametric kanye nokuhlolwa kwe-Wilcox okubili.
Yonke idatha efakwe kulo mbhalo wesandla ingatholakala Olwazini Olwengeziwe kanye namafayela edatha ahlobene.I-Conservación Amazónica (ACCA) inikeza idatha yemvula uma icelwa.
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Isikhathi sokuthumela: Feb-24-2022